Cognition

Brief, intense exercise bouts may enhance children's in-class attention more than steady-paced aerobic activity, though both types appear beneficial.

Physical activity appears associated with small improvements in children's attention and math performance, though the effects are modest and sensitive to publication bias; specific intervention formats (shorter programs for attention, classroom-integrated lessons for math) showed promising descriptive patterns but require further testing.

A structured multidomain intervention may be linked to modest but meaningful cognitive gains in older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and benefits appear to generalize across age, education, and cardiovascular risk profiles.

A structured dual-platform digital intervention combining cognitive training with social participation may be feasible and implementable in older adults, though the full clinical benefit requires completion of the trial and larger confirmatory studies.