Diabetes

Melatonin supplementation may be linked to modest improvements in blood sugar control and triglyceride levels in kidney transplant recipients, though the effect on fasting glucose alone was not statistically significant.

Six months of low-carbohydrate eating may be linked to shifts in circulating fatty acids that are consistent with a potentially cardioprotective profile in adults with type 2 diabetes, despite higher saturated fat intake.

NMES may help reduce blood glucose spikes after meals in people with type 2 diabetes, particularly when targeting large leg muscles, though stronger evidence is needed for long-term effects.

A structured community program combining exercise, education, and monitoring may help adults with metabolic syndrome improve fitness, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk markers.

A text-message and wearable-based program to reduce sitting was feasible and acceptable in people with heart disease or diabetes, and may be associated with modest improvements in blood sugar control, though effects on sedentary time itself remain uncertain.

Protein supplementation combined with resistance training may be linked to greater improvements in muscle strength and insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes, though the clinical significance of these gains requires longer-term study.

Creatine supplementation may help middle-aged and older adults preserve or gain lean muscle mass and strength, and may be linked to modest improvements in selected cognitive markers and metabolic health measures, particularly when combined with exercise.

Different fiber sources may support metabolic health through distinct mechanisms, but the improvements appear modest, and longer, better-designed studies are needed to guide recommendations.

Higher anthocyanin intake may be associated with lower cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk in observational studies, and even modest amounts (≥50 mg/day) appear to improve blood vessel function in healthy people, though effects on blood pressure and glucose control were not demonstrated.

Community-based programs, especially those using digital platforms or peer leaders, may help adults in resource-limited settings increase physical activity, though the heterogeneity of studies limits firm conclusions about which approach works best.

Lifestyle modification, particularly when combining diet and exercise, may help reduce fat stored within the pancreas—though the absolute reduction is modest and longer-term follow-up studies are needed.