Inflammation

Showing people individualised pictures of subclinical atherosclerosis may help sustain modest improvements in lifestyle choices, though the effect size is modest and long-term clinical benefit remains unclear.

A brief peer-led program combining practical problem-solving and social support may help recently resettled refugees reduce stress and emotional symptoms, though findings come from a single ethnic group and require validation in larger, more diverse populations.

Exercise may improve aerobic fitness, lower inflammation, and reduce depression in dialysis patients, but evidence quality is limited and benefits vary by exercise type.

Vigorous aerobic exercise may place greater acute mechanical stress on airway cells than moderate exercise, though the clinical significance of this finding in healthy young people remains unclear.

Exercise probably produces small, measurable but not clinically meaningful reductions in hip osteoarthritis pain and function compared to no activity.

Lifestyle modification, particularly when combining diet and exercise, may help reduce fat stored within the pancreas—though the absolute reduction is modest and longer-term follow-up studies are needed.

Structured cardiac rehabilitation may help reduce cardiovascular risk and blood pressure in carefully selected patients with both rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, without worsening inflammatory disease control.

Well-designed changes to institutional meal provision and food education may help shift children's diets toward plant-based, lower-impact foods, with measurable environmental benefits and no reduction in nutritional value.

Supervised aerobic exercise is feasible and may improve cardiovascular fitness in night-shift nurses, though this small trial did not detect changes in cardiometabolic risk factors or body composition over 12 weeks.