Heart disease

Showing people individualised pictures of subclinical atherosclerosis may help sustain modest improvements in lifestyle choices, though the effect size is modest and long-term clinical benefit remains unclear.

Exercise may improve aerobic fitness, lower inflammation, and reduce depression in dialysis patients, but evidence quality is limited and benefits vary by exercise type.

Community-based programs, especially those using digital platforms or peer leaders, may help adults in resource-limited settings increase physical activity, though the heterogeneity of studies limits firm conclusions about which approach works best.

Fewer sprints per session appear sufficient to build aerobic fitness, which may reduce physical discomfort and dropout rates while preserving the time-efficiency advantage of SIT.

In adults with sleep apnea and existing heart disease, central body fat distribution (measured by waist-to-height ratio) was more consistently linked to recurrent cardiovascular events than standard BMI categories.

Telerehabilitation via mobile or web platforms may be a viable alternative to center-based cardiac rehabilitation for improving exercise capacity and engagement after heart procedures, though traditional risk-factor improvements occur similarly in both settings.

Structured cardiac rehabilitation may help reduce cardiovascular risk and blood pressure in carefully selected patients with both rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension, without worsening inflammatory disease control.

Combining mindfulness practice with supervised cardiopulmonary exercise may be linked to modest improvements in oxygen transport and psychological well-being in PAH patients, though larger and longer studies are needed to confirm lasting benefit.

Combined aerobic and resistance training may help lower blood pressure in people with hypertension as part of an overall treatment plan, though the magnitude of benefit appears modest and complementary to, not a replacement for, medical management.

Supervised aerobic exercise is feasible and may improve cardiovascular fitness in night-shift nurses, though this small trial did not detect changes in cardiometabolic risk factors or body composition over 12 weeks.

Higher sense of purpose in life may be associated with meaningfully lower mortality risk, an association that persists even after accounting for depression and major health behaviors, though the full mechanism remains unclear.

Combined lifestyle programs that address diet and exercise together may help cancer survivors manage several cardiometabolic risk factors, though individual gains tend to be small.